Internal rotation is primarily performed by the subscapularis and teres major muscles. Joint torques in each direction were measured between 70 shoulder flexion and 35 shoulder extension. Between the superior and middle glenohumeral ligaments, via which the subscapular. For those new to exercise it is important to take a slow and progressive approach to the bench press. [8][9], Del Maso and colleagues have estimated that a maximum of 7.5 mm of upward translation of the humeral head may occur during range of motion movements,[9] which is not an insignificant amount of migration for a large bony structure to experience within a compact space during a dynamic task. This is the strongest of the three GH ligaments, being thicker and longer than the other two. Angle subgroup torque ratios analysis represents a promising approach for developing specific shoulder- strengthening programs for individuals with SCI, particularly during the initial rehabilitation period. Some researchers found the reason for the sticking point may be a loss of elastic energy from the stretch reflex discussed previously (Elliot, Wilson & Kerr, 1989). Assessment of agonistantagonist shoulder torque ratios in individuals with paraplegia: a new interpretative approach. The primary joint actions that occur during the bench press include: Table 1 provides a list of involved musculature. By harnessing the stretch reflex, individuals will be able to maximize muscle recruitment during the concentric phase of the lift and subsequently the ability to lift heavier loads. Beginning fitness enthusiasts can also perform variations of the bench press using the techniques previously discussed. Comparison of 3-dimensional scapular position and orientation between subjects with and without shoulder impingement. The healthy movement of the scapula along the thorax during arm elevation includes protraction, posterior tilting, and lateral rotation, depending on the plane of movement (Figure 1). Scapular retraction also limits protraction and anterior tilting of scapulae (rounding the shoulders forward) during the exercise (Duffey, 2008). 1. The scapulohumeral rhythm is quantified by dividing the total amount of shoulder elevation (humerothoracic) by the scapular upward rotation (scapulothoracic). Stability has to be provided by ligaments and muscles, and a total of nine muscles cross each shoulder joint to insert on the humerus. Horizontal shoulder abduction. Netter, F. (2019). Collectively, they act as the dynamic stabilizers of the GH joint by maintaining a centralized positioning of the humeral head within the glenoid fossa,[36][37] in both static and dynamic conditions. 1173185. The static structures of the shoulder complex, which includes the labrum (a fibrocartilaginous ring), the capsule, cartilage, ligaments, and fascia collectively act as the physical restraints to the osseous matter and provides a deepening effect to the shallow glenoid fossa. The angle subgroup torque ratios analysis showed that the agonistantagonist torque ratios were not constant and were significantly different according to the tested 15 angular subgroups. Cutrufello, PT, Gadomski, SJ, and Ratamess, NA. The neuromuscular control of the scapula relies on the balanced team-work between the global movers and the fine-tuning stabilizing muscles of the shoulder complex. Epub 2021 Dec 23. A resting period of 30s was given between the contractions and a two-min rest period was allowed when direction of movement was changed. The other one that got me was the agonist if the pecs are the Flexion of the shoulder: Synergist Muscle. Of note, is that these muscles have a stronger action when acting to extend the flexed arm. It should be noted that the selection of the muscle groups investigated in the current study, along with their range of motion and angular velocity parameters, were determined from the results of a kinematic assessment targeting sitting pivot transfers performed by individuals with complete thoracic SCI (D Gagnon 2007, under review). Learning anatomy is a massive undertaking, and we're here to help you pass with flying colours. National Library of Medicine When weakness or neuromuscular dysfunction of the scapular musculature is present, normal scapular arthrokinematics become altered,[20] and ultimately predisposes an individual to an injury of the GH joint. Although the agonistantagonist peak torque ratio provides an estimate of the agonistantagonist muscle strength relationship, the use of the agonistantagonist peak torque ratio appears inadequate, at first, to conclude on the dynamic agonistantagonist muscle strength balance observed over the entire range of movement possible at a joint. Our results provide some arguments in favor of this hypothesis. Effects of Different Volume-Equated Resistance Training Loading Strategies on Muscular Adaptations in Well-Trained Men. This means that the strength ratio will also be affected. [4][5] Proper alignment of the glenohumeral head is important for the healthy engagement of the shoulder joint in activities of daily living. None of the participants had the ability to ambulate despite the use of technical or technological aids. Sixteen individuals with complete motor paraplegia, without shoulder pain or impairment, were included in this study. > Inhale during the lowering (eccentric) phase of the exercise. The rotator cuff muscles are four muscles that form a musculotendinous unit around the shoulder joint. Nerve supply of the human knee and its functional importance. For the extension movement, no significant correlation was found between the mean torque measured within the reference angle subgroup and the last two subgroups at 60s1. Gransberg L, Knutsson E . Comparison of Isolated Lumbar Extension Strength in Competitive and Noncompetitive Powerlifters, and Recreationally Trained Men. Retrieved September 18, 2015, from http://www.exrx.net/Kinesiology/BenchPress.html.Bianco, A., Filingeri, D., Paoli, A., & Palma, A. A Biomechanical Analysis of the Bench Press. Shoulder Horizontal Flexion (Working the Pectoralis Major) and Shoulder Horizontal Extension (Working Trapezius and the Rhomboids) These are Horizontal push and pull exercises; A superset example is Bench Press into Seated Row Pair 2: Shoulder Flexion (working the Deltoid) and Shoulder Extension (working the Latissimus Dorsi) for . 2007, under review). Muscles that work like this are called antagonistic pairs. When refering to evidence in academic writing, you should always try to reference the primary (original) source. Retrieved September 18, 2015, from https://etda.libraries.psu.edu/paper/8894/4230.Elliott, B., Wilson, G., & Kerr, G. (1989). Bench Press Analysis. Again, because of the floating nature of the scapula along the thorax, it too, must rely on the kinship between the cortical direction provided by the nervous system and the resulting action of the MSK system. They also resist anterior translation of the humeral head. This is not an all-inclusive list as the nervous system activates muscles in groups rather than in isolation. End range eccentric antagonist/concentric agonist strength ratios: a new perspective in shoulder strength assessment. Struyf F, Nijs, J., Baeyens, J.P., Mottram, S., Meeusen, R. Scapular positioning and movement in unimpaired shoulders, shoulder impingement syndrome, and glenohumeral instability. When performing a bench press with a retracted scapula, some argue the pectoralis muscles enter the stretch reflex position sooner during the eccentric phase. Why or why not? You can even add and remove individual muscles if you like. Atlas of Human Anatomy (7th ed.). (2015). In this case, use an elevated surface such as weight plates or short steps as foot rests near the end of the bench. Voight ML, & Thomson, B.C. Shoulder joint position sense improves with elevation angle in a novel, unconstrained task. A detailed assessment of agonistantagonist muscle balance, especially around the shoulder joints, is of key relevance among individuals with SCI given the fact that the level of lesion and the functional status of the U/Es may change muscle strength. Pldoja E, Rahu, M., Kask, M.,Weyers, I., & Kolts, I. Similarly the subcoracoid bursae are found between the capsule and the coracoid process of the scapula. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.sc.3102173, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.sc.3102173. This further supports the need to consider joint position (angle) when assessing strength ratios. SHOULDER - Horizontal Flexion (Antagonist), SHOULDER - Horizontal Extension (Agonist), SHOULDER - Horizontal Extension (Antagonist), Adductor Brevis Accessibility It does not discuss the bench press as it relates to performance such as competing in powerlifting. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to examine the agonist:antagonist strength ratios and their relationship to postural measures among powerlifters. The additional accessory movements of spin, roll and slide (glide) are also available within the glenohumeral joint. 2023 From these data, the shoulder flexionextension (F/E) and abductionadduction (Ab/Ad) torque ratio curves were calculated. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like SHOULDER - Flexion (Agonist), SHOULDER - Flexion (Antagonist), SHOULDER - Extension (Agonist) and more. The glenohumeral joint is innervated by the subscapular nerve (C5-C6), a branch of the posterior cord of brachial plexus. volume46,pages 552558 (2008)Cite this article. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders. Zhao KD, Van Straaten, M.G., Cloud, B.A., Morrow, M.M., An, K-N., & Ludewig, P.M. Scapulothoracic and glenohumeral kinematics during daily tasks in users of manual wheelchairs. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 11(2), 82-87.Duffey, M. (2008). J Biomech 1988; 21: 8996. 2 me srie. The capsule remains lax to allow for mobility of the upper limb. lisa pera wikipedia. For the shoulder flexion and extension movements, participants grasped the handgrip with their forearm in a neutral position with their elbow in slight flexion (35). Reciprocal strength ratio in shoulder abduction/adduction in sports and daily living. Avoid letting the low-back arch, the head to jut forward, or the shoulders to shrug during this motion in order to maintain an ideal and safe posture. Internet Explorer). Angular velocity did not have any influence on torque ratio values. Google Scholar. The shoulder complex involves 3 physiological joints and one floating joint: You can also consider the contributions of the sternocostal, vertebrocostal, and sternomanubrium joints when thinking about movement involving the shoulder complex. Janwantanakul P, Magarey, M.E., Jones, M.A., & Dansie, B.R. Last reviewed: February 27, 2023 The glenohumeral joint has a greater range of movement (RoM) than any other body joint. Maximal isometric strength tests were conducted using handheld dynamometry. Bernard PL, Peruchon E, Micallef JP, Hertog C, Rabischong P . Before Brand names; Anacin, Feverall, Panadol, and Tylenol. For the sake of this article we will discuss the traditional barbell bench press from a fitness perspective. Reviewer: [18] The normal contribution of the ST joint is generally expressed as the ratio of ST movement with regards to that occurring simultaneously at the GH articulation. ment of muscle imbalances in either the upper or lower extremity which might also influence posture. Functional anatomy: Musculoskeletal anatomy, kinesiology, and palpation for manual therapists. This new interpretative approach proposed to study torque ratios between agonist and antagonist muscle groups according to specific joint angle sections over a selected range of motion. Our Team The upper extremities (U/E) become the propulsive segments for manual wheelchair mobility among individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI). Learning how to retract the scapulae, contract the abdominals, proper breathing, and controlling the path of the bar is a lot to learn in the initial stages. This approach can be used to precisely assess shoulder agonistantagonist strength balance, especially among individuals with SCI. For all movements investigated, the dynamometer was set to isokinetic passive mode and participants were asked to concentrically contract as forcefully as possible in the desired direction. Hall, S. J. Would you like email updates of new search results? Range of Motion Adaptations in Powerlifters. It is a ball-and-socket joint, formed between the glenoid fossa of scapula (gleno-) and the head of humerus (-humeral). As confidence grows, fitness enthusiasts can begin to explore a variety of grip positions. In an antagonistic muscle pair as one muscle contracts the other muscle relaxes or lengthens. Many argue this is the safest position for the shoulder complex, especially during heavy lifts because it provides added stability for the shoulders. Moreover, it is estimated that only 25% of the humeral head articulates with the glenoid fossa at any one time during movements. The synchronized contractions of the RC muscles must maintain the centralized positioning of the humeral head during movements in order to avoid the physical encroachment of tissues, predominantly anteriorly or superiorly to the GH joint, which has been linked to injury and pain amongst the shoulder region. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. Physiopedia is not a substitute for professional advice or expert medical services from a qualified healthcare provider. Nicola McLaren MSc Bookshelf The GH joint is comprised of a ball and socket synovial joint, where the head of the humerus (convex surface) articulates with the glenoid fossa (concave surface) of the scapula. Sternum: sternum consist of manubirum where SC joint attached ,body where ribs attached and xiphoid process. The Affect of Grip Width on Bench Press Performance and Risk of Injury. Late complications of the weight-bearing upper extremity in the paraplegic patient. It is split into anterior and posterior bands, between which sits the axillary pouch. For each movement, the 15 angle subgroup in which the highest torque value was measured was named the reference angle subgroup. The larger muscles such as the trapezius, the levator scapula, the pectorali, the deltoids, the serratus anterior, the latissimus dorsi, the rhomboids, the teres major, the biceps, the coracobrachialis, and triceps muscles are responsible for various synergistic activities during shoulder movements. Shoulder terminal range eccentric antagonist/concentric agonist strength ratios in overhead athletes. Lukasiewicz A. C. MP, Michener L., Pratt N., & Sennett B. . Upper limb function in persons with long-term paraplegia and implications for independence: part I. Paraplegia 1994; 32: 211218. An optimal level of external stabilization was provided to ensure that participants exerted maximum effort. J Strength Cond Res 31(2): 298-304, 2017-Powerlifters routinely focus on 3 exercises: bench press, squat, and deadlift. Rather, the purpose of this article is to provide an overview of the movement requirements and recommendations for the average fitness enthusiast to maximize safety and performance. Burnham RS, May L, Nelson E, Steadward R, Reid DC . Because the elastic assistance of the stretch reflex ends very quickly, it creates added burden for the prime movers to move the weight. Orthopedic physical assessment (6th ed.). J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 1997; 25: 203207. Isolated agonist and antagonist torque curve analyses should not be neglected when reporting strength ratios. This provides for a greater range of motion available within the greater shoulder complex; The close-packed position of the glenohumeral joint is abduction and externalrotation, while open packed (resting) position is abduction (40-50) with horizontal adduction (30). Strength imbalances were observed for shoulder horizontal adduction:abduction (2.57 0.58 vs. 1.78 0.28; p < 0.001) and knee flexion:extension (0.61 0.15 vs. 0.50 0.10; p = 0.033). Samuelsson KA, Tropp H, Gerdle B . Angle subgroup torque ratio analysis leads to a better estimation of the balance between the agonist and antagonist muscle groups than does traditional peak torque ratio analysis. The association of scapular kinematics and glenohumeral joint pathologies. The cross point, defined as the point where agonist and antagonist muscle torques are equal, always occurred within the fifth 15 angle subgroup (2640) for the shoulder flexionextension movements and within the first 15 angle subgroup (1529) for the shoulder abductionadduction movements, irrespective of angular velocity. Glenohumeral joint (Articulatio glenohumeralis) -Yousun Koh. Those would be the shoulder extensors: long head of triceps, Read more. Together these joints can change the position of the glenoid fossa, relative to the chest wall. These correlations progressively decline as the angle subgroups move away from the peak torque. Congruency is increased somewhat by the presence of a glenoid labrum, a fibrocartilaginous ring that attaches to the margins of the fossa. Alterations in shoulder kinematics and associated muscle activity in people with symptoms of shoulder impingement. An ex post facto study design compared 15 male powerlifters (35.3 13.7 years old) and 15 age-matched controls (34.9 14.6 years old). Anatomy and human movement: structure and function (6th ed.). After verifying the normality of the distribution for each 15 angle subgroup generated for all movements studied using the KolmogorovSmirnov test for each angular velocity, Pearson productmoment coefficients of correlation were used to determine the association between the reference angle subgroup torque and the other angle subgroup torque values for each movement. These tendons form a continuous covering called the rotator capsule. Calculating isokinetic shoulder torque ratios is a well-accepted method for highlighting the imbalance between agonist and antagonist muscle groups. Journal of Sports Sciences, 28(5), 529-535. doi:10.1080/02640411003628022Tillaar, R., & Ettema, G. (2013). The Horizontal Shoulder Flexors (aka Horizontal Shoulder Adduction) is performed by the Pectoralis Major, Anterior Deltoid and Coracobrachilis What are muscles that work in opposing pairs. seated leg curl, good morning, forward step lunge, step-up, horizontal leg press, hip sled, deadlift, hack squat, back squat, front squat, push jerk/push . Jobe C. Evaluation of impingement syndromes in the overhead throwing athlete. Dal Maso F, Raison, M., Lundberg, A, Arndt, A., Allard, P., Begon, M. Glenohumeral translation during range of motion movements, activities of daily living, and sports activities in healthy participants. [9][10], As illustrated by the force-vectors of their respected moment arms, the RC tendons collectively have been accredited with the compression of the humeral head within the glenoid fossa during movements. I would honestly say that Kenhub cut my study time in half. Pairing of shoulder girdle & shoulder joint movements Horizontal adduction Abduction (protraction) Horizontal abduction Adduction (retraction) . Understanding Bench Press Biomechanics-Training Expertise and Sex Affect Lifting Technique and Net Joint Moments. The effect of age, hand dominance and gender. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. The coracobrachialis, teres minor, short head of biceps, long head of triceps brachii and deltoid (posterior fibers) muscles are also active during this movement, depending on the position of the arm. Kolber MJ, Beekhuizen KS, Cheng MS, Hellman MA. Comprehend the movement requirements, joint actions, and involved musculature of the bench press exercise. Movement - Shoulder Flexion Agonist - Anterior deltoid and Pectoralis major. In particular, accessory adductor muscles serve to counter the strong internalrotation produced by pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi. Influence of contractile tension development on dynamic strength measurements of the plantarflexors in man. Introduction to the musculoskeletal system, Nerves, vessels and lymphatics of the abdomen, Nerves, vessels and lymphatics of the pelvis, Infratemporal region and pterygopalatine fossa, Meninges, ventricular system and subarachnoid space, Synovial ball and socket joint; multiaxial, Glenoid fossa of scapula, head of humerus; glenoid labrum, Superior glenohumeral, middle glenohumeral, inferior glenohumeral, coracohumeral, transverse humeral, Subscapular nerve (joint); suprascapular nerve, axillary nerve, lateral pectoral nerve (joint capsule), Anterior and posterior circumflex humeral, circumflex scapular and suprascapular arteries, Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, external/lateral rotation, internal/medial rotation and circumduction, Pectoralis major, deltoid, coracobrachialis, long head of biceps brachii, Latissimus dorsi, teres major, pectoralis major, deltoid, long head of triceps brachii, Coracobrachialis, pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, teres major, Subscapularis, teres major, latissimus dorsi, pectoralis major, deltoid. Plachel F, Akgn D, Imiolczyk JP, Minkus M, Moroder P. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. Patient-specific risk profile associated with early-onset primary osteoarthritis of the shoulder: is it really primary. On the scapula, the capsule has two lines of attachments. A new interpretative approach of the torque ratios between shoulder agonist and antagonist muscle groups is proposed in the current study. shoulder horizontal flexion agonist and antagonist The highest quality of care for individuals with developmental disabilities The stabilizing muscles of the GH articulation,the supraspinatus, subscapularis, infraspinatus, and teres minor,are often summarized as the rotator cuff (RC) complex, andattach to the humeral head within the glenoid fossa. The loose inferior capsule forms a fold when the arm is in the anatomical position. Performing these exercises (with a light load) may improve motor learning and quicken the time it takes to learn proper technique. Witherspoon JW, Smirnova, I.V., & McIff, T.E. Shoulder Horizontal Adduction and Scapular Protraction: Shoulder Horizontal Adduction (Horizontal Flexion) Prime Mover: Pectoralis major Synergists: Anterior deltoid Antagonists: Posterior deltoid Neutralizers: Posterior deltoid, infraspinatus, and teres minor neutralize internal rotation force created by the anterior deltoid and pectoralis major. Thank you for visiting nature.com. There are some variations of the bench press exercise including the close-grip bench press, wide-grip bench press, incline bench press, decline bench press, dumbbell chest press, bench press with bands, and reverse-grip bench press. Typically, shoulder flexion and extension torque as well as abduction and adduction torque were the highest at the start of the movement amplitude tested and progressively decreased thereafter. Angle subgroup torque ratio analysis leads to a better estimation of the balance or imbalance between the agonist and antagonist muscle groups over a functional or selected range of motion than does traditional peak torque ratio analysis. Fitness David G, Jones, M., & Magarey, M. Rotator cuff muscle performances during gleno-humeral joint rotations: An isokinetic, electromyographic and ultrasonographic study. This preview shows page 1 - 2 out of 3 pages. Article Drawing-in and abdominal bracing activates the inner unit (transverse abdominis, multifidus, pelvic floor- muscles close to the spine) and global abdominal muscles (rectus abdominis, external obliques) offering greater spinal stability. 2021 Mar 1;35(3):652-658. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000002722. [6][7] The space itself includes a bursa that provides lubrication for the rotator cuff (RC) tendons, the insertion for the long head of the biceps tendon, and the rotator cuff (RC) tendons themselves. For all movements tested, maximum isokinetic concentric contractions were completed at 30, 60 and 120s1. The role of the scapula. The role of muscle imbalance. Wilk KE, Andrews JR, Arrigo CA . Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. Elite powerlifters may perform the lift with excessive lumbar extension (arched low-back), but this position is not advised for the general fitness enthusiast unless properly instructed, and the person has a specific goal to increase 1 repetition maximum performance. The stretching of the rubber band creates a storage of potential energy, and upon release the rubber band flies through the air. Along with the coracohumeral ligament, it supports the rotator interval and prevents inferior translation of the humeral head, particularly during shoulder adduction. Slider with three articles shown per slide. The second is the inferior capsular aspect, this is the point where the capsule is the weakest. As previously noted, due to the anatomical passage of the common RC tendon within the subacromial space, the RC tendons are particularly vulnerable to compression, abnormal friction, and ultimately an impingement (pinching) during active tasks. Because there are not direct attachements of muscles to the joint, all movements are passive and initiated by movements at other joints (such as the ST joint). Shoulder flexionextension and abductionadduction mean torque curves at the three angular velocities are shown in Figures 1a and b, respectively. List and identify some agonist, antagonist muscle groups. [30], Further to the intricate network of passive ligatures that conjoin adjacent bones, the importance of the surrounding musculature cannot be overstated. Mechanoreceptors can be understood as the neural sensors that provide afferent input to the central nervous system for motor processing and descending motor commands for the execution of movements. Progrs en Mdecine Physique et de Radapatation. Article Contraction of the deltoid muscle applies a strong superior translation force to the humerus, this is countered by the action of the rotator cuff muscles, preventing superior humeral dislocation. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 19(3), 587-591.Ogasawara, R., Thiebaud, R., Loenneke, J., Loftin, M., & Abe, T. (2012). Neer CS. (a) Water is oxidized to oxygen during photosynthesis. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. The SC joint is the only bony attachment site of the upper extremity to the axial skeleton. Many muscles are involved in the joint actions listed above. Jam B. Bushnell BD, Creighton, R.A., & Herring, M.M. Acta Physiol Scand 1983; 119: 317320. (2014). Mean (1 s.d.) In other words, keep the spine in a neutral position. Instead, joint security is provided entirely by the soft tissue structures; the fibrous capsule, ligaments, shoulder muscles and their tendons. Chapter 17: Shoudler Pain. Adductor Longus Every muscle can be an Agonist, and every muscle has an antagonist paired muscle. The muscle performing an action is the agonist, while the muscle which contraction brings about an opposite action is the antagonist. Further studies are necessary to confirm the interest of this procedure. Deltoid (agonist) and Latissimus Dorsi (antagonist), Biceps . Indeed, it shows the modifications of the agonist and antagonist strength values according to the lengthtension relationship. In individuals with paraplegia, this precise estimation of torque ratios may lead to the development of specific shoulder strengthening programs to prevent muscle imbalance and its consequences. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. The barbell bench press is a compound, multi-joint exercise designed to target many muscles of the upper body (Figure 1). This article will discuss the anatomy and function of the glenohumeral joint. A teacher walks into the Classroom and says If only Yesterday was Tomorrow Today would have been a Saturday Which Day did the Teacher make this Statement? PubMed Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins. In: Pike C, ed. Broken arrow indicates the angle value where flexion and extension torques are equal. Ng GY, Lam PC . [12], The individualized tendons of the RC complex are directly affiliated with limiting the translation of the humeral head in specific directions. For the correlations between the peak torque and the angle subgroup's mean torque, they are also presented in Table 3 and 4. The neuromuscular control of the shoulder also requires a well-developed sense of motor control and proprioception. Retract your shoulder blades (scapulae), bringing them closer together. Upper limb strength in individuals with spinal cord injury who use manual wheelchairs. Site Management shoulder horizontal flexion agonist and antagonist Effect of Grip Width on the Myoelectric Activity of the Prime Movers in the Bench Press. Write by: Triceps Brachii (long head) The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the [35], It is clear that the passive structures of the shoulder provide a neurological protection mechanism through feed forward and feed back input, that directly mediates reflex musculature stabilization about the glenohumeral joint. J Strength Cond Res. Dayanidhi S, Orlin, M., Kozin, S., Duff, S., Karduna, A. Scapular kinematics during humeral elevation in adults and children. Active muscle contractions are essential for maintaining the stability of the shoulder complex.[1]. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. They have a weak stabilizing function, each acting to limit the maximum amplitude of certain arm movements; The superior glenohumeral ligament extends from the supraglenoid tubercle of scapula to the proximal aspect of the lesser tubercle of humerus.
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