political organisation of the acholi

latest redrawing of the administrative divisions, it contains seven districts; Agago, Amuru, Gulu, Since the Lords Resistance Army was largely pushed out of Northern Uganda, the majority of Acholi more than 80 per cent have been able to return to their homes. Luo people - Wikipedia Comprising less than 5 percent of the country's population, during the early years of independence the Acholi constituted more than 15 percent of the police force and fully a third of the army. ETHNONYM: Karanga (historical) At the peak of the conflict, 90% of the Acholi population moved into IDP camps designed as protected villages. Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press. Since independence, a relatively few Acholi army officers have managed to accumulate substantial fortunes, as have a few traders. [7] During the second half of the nineteenth century, Arabic-speaking traders from the north started to call them Shooli, a term which was transformed into 'Acholi'.[8]. From the Village to Entebbe: The Acholi of Northern Uganda and the Diversity Management in Sudan's Democratic Transitional Arrangements: Technical Paper 1, January 2023. Conflict. As of September 2009, large numbers of Acholi people remain in camps as internally displaced persons. David Oyite-Ojok | Military Wiki | Fandom and tributes paid to them. The most common domestic animals are (and have long been) chickens and goats, with some cattle, especially in the dryer portions of Acholi. Okeny, Kenneth (1982). Acholi chiefdoms ranged in population from under 1,000 to as many as 20,000 people and consisted of a number of fenced villages, each with recognized land rights vested in the patrilineal lineage (kaka ) at its core. Historically, the most important public ceremonies were probably those associated with birth, planting, harvesting, and the killing of a large animal or another human being. of the nineteenth century, both among Acholi chiefdoms and with Under Amins brutal regime, an estimated 300,000 died many of them Acholi. Kin Groups and Descent. Dholuo Milton Obote (1962-71, 1980-85). Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. Retrieved February 23, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/acholi. "[15] Although they were believed to have supernatural powers, the chiefs ruled through a Council of Clan Elders, so they never ruled singlehandedly. famines forced groups to move within the Acholi territory and create more cohesive forms of He was defeated in January 1986. Acholi people - Wikipedia Therefore, its best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publications requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites: http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html. Latigo (2006), "Northern Uganda", p. 90-92, Branch, A. During the colonial period, political leadership in Acholi was According to the reconstruction by Atkinson (2011 [1994]), the Acholi as a group emerged L. No. This book presents seminal anthropological works from that period by p'Bitek himself and by Frank Girling, who was researching among the Acholi when p'Bitek was a teenager. Uganda's current army, various local rebel groups (some headed by apocalyptic "prophets" such as Alice Lakwena), and heavily armed Karamojong raiders have all raped, looted, killed, and destroyed, making any kind of normal life in Acholi impossible. The data collected including the number visitors, the source where they have come from, and the pages visted in an anonymous form. Deep-rooted divisions and polarization remain between different ethnic groups, and these have been greatly exacerbated by the way in which the countrys leadership has developed since independence. [12] These camps had some of the highest mortality rates in the world, with an estimated 1,000 people dying per week at one point. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). The Acholi's harrowing ordeal began under Idi Amin's dictatorship in the seventies. [13] The refugees in the camps have also been subject to raids by both LRA and government forces.[10]. It is "Acholi With colonial rule Even bride-wealth marriages are now often mainly nuclear-family affairs, and other alternatives to traditional marriage are common. B. K. (1994). Uganda Journal 3(3): 175-202. [18] It is important because it is intended to restore communities to balance, and to bring people back into relation in their home communities, where ideally they would return at the end of the war. This complex process was helped along by two major droughts, probably during the 1720s and c. 1790, which promoted larger-scale political leadership that held the promise of greater stability and security, and by the formation of neighboring identities against which members of an emergent Acholi could compete, compare, and define themselves. before. The From early on, girls and boys learn gender-appropriate behaviors and activities, and these are reflected in both their play and their chores and other responsibilities. Ceremonies. The Anguish of Northern Uganda - Sections 3 - 5 - Uganda Acholi have played a pivotal role in the turbulent post-independence era. 26). Acholi men say, Property cant own property, and the notion of women having independent land rights is an anomaly to them. Many of the Acholi soldiers who joined the Kings African Rifles (KAR), the British colonial army, were deployed to the frontlines in southeast Asia especially in Singapore and Burma during the World War II where they held British positions against an intense Japanese offensive. The documentary was met with mixed reactions, with many people familiar with the situation dubbing it a shallow and money-grabbing scheme. In addition, the peace forums have worked to help establish the Amnesty Commission. colonial times, were the Acholi stood often in opposition to the British colonial rule, the starting development of the chiefdom and clan system in the 17th and 18th century that is still a vital ." against the central government. The settlement of the Acholi in their current territory is compared to the ethnic groups in the Encyclopedia of World Cultures. All procedures are conducted with care, to attempt to ensure that the spirit of the departed does not become angry. Due to its central location and the close The Lwoo. With the coming of the ivory and slave trades, and the firearms that accompanied them, conflict became more frequent, more deadly, and more widely spread. Politics has been around for millennia. southern part of the country relatively young. State | Definition, History, Figures, & Facts | Britannica This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Corn (maize), sorghum, beans, squash, peanuts (groundnuts), and other savanna crops also are grown. Encyclopedia.com. After weaning and up to the age of 5 or 6, however, much of the day-to-day caretaking of a child has customarily been done by an opposite-sex sibling or other preadolescent (often a member of the father's lineage), called lapidi (nurse-child). The colonial experience of the Acholi differed greatly from the experience of those in the Atkinson, Ronald R. (1994). Idi Amin (1971-79) the Acholi were severely persecuted and their men systematically executed for their past association with the colonial army and for their support of Pres. (1988). Acholi | people | Britannica Certain rwodi and interpreters began to accumulate some of the new wealth brought into Acholi by international trade, and descendants of some of these men used their inherited wealth to build up prominent twentieth-century families. In search of chiefly authority in 'post-aid' Acholiland Before the late seventeenth century, Luo speakers were limited to only a few peripheral areas of Acholi. Relatively small numbers of Acholi have filled middle-level or senior civil-service positions in independent Uganda. the nations capital Kampala in 1988. Acholi: Talking Politics in Northern Uganda Many Ugandans follow politics with keen interest, and President Yoweri Musevei's 34-year tenure notwithstanding, politics is a frequent topic of in-depth conversation and spirited debate among friends and acquaintances, and my conversations with my mentor are no exception. The Acholi sub-region is a part of the administrative region of Northern-Uganda. London: James Currey. In precolonial Acholi, lineage heads and elders were most responsible Behrend, Heike (1991). They were also against the power consolidation approach of the NRA, which included mass arrest, torturing, killing, cattle raiding, food crop destruction, and looting and burning of villages. comparably flat. second term, Acholi soldiers played key roles in the massive conflict in The activities of the LRA have been devastating within Acholiland (though they spread also to neighbouring districts and countries). the furthest back is the historical reconstruction by Atkinson (2011 [1994]), who described the Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). ETHNONYMS: Mende (Men-day), Mendes, Huro, Wuro Lineage heads, assisted by lineage elders, organized both production (based on cooperative village-lineage labor) and reproduction (through the control of the material means and ideological rules of marriage). . They also oversaw village-lineage ritual and chiefdomwide ritual, were the main advisors to their rwot, and were responsible for most of the social control exercised in Acholi. In response, Musevenis government forced 1.4 to 1.9 million civilians into camps where they ostensibly were to be protected by the Ugandan army. formations in the form of chiefdoms and kingdoms by the end of the first millennium A.D. This structure was maintained by the real anointed chiefs of the Acholi, the rwodi moo. Medicine. Forging Forgiveness: Collective Efforts Amidst War in Northern Uganda occur, however, it was usually limited in scope, with relatively few colonial rule in their region for decades, before finally being integrated in the Ugandan territory The Acholi region is bordered in the west by the districts Socialization. Social Control. [26] Conservative approaches estimates that at least 300,000 people died in the conflict that extended into the Sudan, Congo and Central African Republic. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. Acholi Quarter in Kampala, for example, is largely populated by formerly rural Acholi from Northern Uganda, uprooted by years of conflict and now caught in a situation of prolonged displacement. Identification. the area around Lake Victoria as early as the fourth century B.C. This disorder in Acholi contrasts sharply with the solid organisation of Buganda, which always has a centralized, well-thought out and weighted responses to critical issues such as land and political contention that affect the kingdom. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. Finally a common social order and political culture developed, and new society and Historian Mark Curtis says that after Amin instigated a coup, Britain, the United States, and Israel quietly backed Amin and his campaign against the socialist-leaning President Milton Obote in 1971. From the Holy Spirit Movement, the notorious Lords Resistance Army (LRA), led by Acholi Joseph Kony, emerged. element of the social and political environment of the region. 102-104, Southern Sudan and the Government of the Republic of the South Sudan, State Minister for Foreign Affairs (International Affairs), https://www.peoplegroups.org/explore/GroupDetails.aspx?peid=15068#topmenu, "2014 Uganda Population and Housing Census Main Report", https://www.peoplegroups.org/explore/GroupDetails.aspx?peid=14887#topmenu, James Ojent Latigo, Chapter 4: "Northern Uganda tradition-based practices in the Acholi region, 1. Dwyer, John O. A rebellion somewhat better off than others before the latter part of the nineteenth Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. At the height of the insurgency, 1.8 million people in the north were living in camps. In the administrative structure of Uganda, Acholi is composed of the districts of: It encompasses about 28,500km2 (11,000 square miles) near the Uganda-Sudan border.[5]. Uganda Now: Between Decay and Development. Jur Alur Organizational politics is a natural part of organizational life. One obvious candidate, Bazilio Olara-Okello who, although unrelated to Tito Okello, was, as in the case of Oyite Ojok, another officer who participated in the overthrow of Idi Amin. 23 Feb. 2023 . In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. The Migration of Nilotes and Their Settlement | SpringerLink traditional local forms of organisation were based on smaller units, often only consisting of Then a final dance and feast takes place at a time chosen to make possible the maximum attendance by relatives and other interested people. . PUBLISHED: 27/01/2023. Each clan was administered by a council of elders chosen because of their outstanding military performance and because of their senior position in the community. 13.4 Organizational Politics - Organizational Behavior Used by Google DoubleClick and stores information about how the user uses the website and any other advertisement before visiting the website. Encyclopedia.com. of the West Nile, to the north by the South Sudan, to the east by the Karamojong region, to the, 23 Each Ugandan district has a language board responsible for implementing policies on indigenous language. into the independence era. their clans, giving them the ability to accumulate wealth and power beyond their rights to land Traditionally, land rights were vested in localized patrilineal lineages, under the control and guidance of lineage heads and elders. Orientation Encyclopedia of World Cultures. Administrative divisions within Acholi, however, both during colonial rule and since independence, have often reflected preexisting sociopolitical units: lineages at the parish level; chiefdoms at the subcounty level; and larger zones of the most intensive (and peaceful) interpolity interactions at the county level. Congo. Political organisation - Wikipedia )[9], "Since independence in 1962, Uganda has been plagued by ethnically driven, politically manipulated violence referred to by some as a history of 'cycles of revenge and mistrust'. Marriage. This period of increased contact with non-Acholi accelerated the subcounty level; and larger zones of the most intensive (and peaceful) The word 'Acholi' is a misnomer that became adopted for convenience over the years. Rwot, 'ruler'). The Acholi of Uganda: Adjustment to Imperialism. A.D. Of their history during this time only little is known. Following the latest redrawing of the administrative divisions, it contains seven districts; Agago, Amuru, Gulu, Kitgum, Nwoya, Lamwo and Pader. have often limited or prevented serious conflict, especially among Classification of Southern Lwoo after Heusing (2004) and Storch (2005). Much of that hierarchy continued Among other provisions, this legislation specifically amended IRC Section 527 (j) to require the e-filing of Form 8872, Political . More commonly, almost any salaried job in the public or private sector represents an income that averages several times that of a member of the majority peasant population. In terms of the afterlife, although spirits of the dead are believed to continue to exist and manifest themselves, there is no belief in a heaven to reward the virtuous or a hell to punish the sinful. The Acholi are the descendants of a variety of Luo-speaking peoples who are believed to have migrated three or four centuries ago from adjacent areas of what is now South Sudan into what is now the Acholi district of Uganda. collective identity evolved, and a common language (Luo) spread. (Atkinson, 2011 The Acholi have a modified Iroquois kinship-terminology system, reflecting Acholi's patrilineal and patrilocal ideology. PDF University of Bradford eThesis An Exploration of Linguistic Practices and Language Attitudes in Gulu, Northern Uganda. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. The civil war devastated the lives and livelihoods of the Acholi people of the north. An individual had personal claim to land that he and his wife (or wives) had under cultivation or that had been cultivated but was lying fallow, and such rights passed from father to son. other parts of Uganda, where hundreds of thousands of peoplemany PDF CORE - Aggregating the world's open access research papers Administrative divisions within Acholi, however, both during colonial Similarly, when Yoweri Musevenis National Resistance Army (NRA) took power in 1986, there were revenge killings and looting of livestock in the north of the country. Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. were able gain wealth by trading mainly in ivory. Orientation Ruhakana Rugunda, the Ugandan minister of internal affairs and leader of the government negotiating team, noted the effectiveness of the traditional system. Shilluk Acholi Trade. Ethnohistory 36(1): 19-43. According to the (1972). to accumulate substantial fortunes, as have a few traders. Tito and Bazilio, who were Acholi by tribe, fled the country into exile. heard of gun sound, they were used to only lightning thunder sound. The largest political unit was the tribal section, regarded as the geographical nation. As a result, many widowed Acholi have been unable to access their land on return to their homes. 13.4 Organizational Politics | Organizational Behavior - Lumen Learning Further tidying up and smoothing over the grave take place within the week. This article was most recently revised and updated by, Minority Rights Group International - World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples - Acholi. Okot p'Bitek (1971). Western Nilotic Eastern Nilotic Southern Nilotic, Burun Lwoo Nuer-Dinka Teso-Turkana Bari Maa-Lotuko, North South interpreters began to accumulate some of the new wealth brought into Most Acholi, however, continue to live in neighborhoods (parishes) that not only consist predominantly of patrilineal kinsmen and their wives, but often carry the old lineage names. (1976). This term then Numbering more than one million at the turn of the 21st century, they speak a Western Nilotic language of the Eastern Sudanic branch of the Nilo-Saharan family and are culturally and historically related to their traditional enemies, the neighbouring Lango. Visit the repository for full metadata or to contact the repository team Figure 5. Farming and hunting dominated the live in this rural Over the late seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, some seventy chiefdoms were founded throughout the area that became Acholi, leading to the development of a new social order and political culture, the spread of a new language (Luo), and the evolution of a new society and collective identity. Vincent (2012), a Gulu-based Kinship Terminology. Purifications or atonement practices are still performed by Acholi elders in some communities. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. According to the latest census, there are 1.47 million ethnic Acholi in Uganda, amounting to 4.4 per cent of the total population. Archaeological and linguistic evidence suggests that from early in the Christian era, Acholi was settled mainly by Central Sudanic (or "proto-Central Sudanic") speakers in the west and Eastern Nilotic ("proto-Eastern Nilotic") speakers in the east. last large-scale conflict in Acholi until Amin came to power in 1971. Over the twentieth century, chiefdoms in Acholi have become vestigial institutions, and the fences that once enclosed villages have disappeared. He understood the emergence of an Acholi identity as a final step in a social process that did not This has continued in various guises ever since. window.__mirage2 = {petok:"igNXChGgDPbig_bsHwJgxoRb9NTulTcrPPRjDe2iFNY-86400-0"}; The presumed nominal forebears of the present-day Acholi group migrated South to Northern Uganda from the area now known as Bahr el Ghazal in South Sudan by about 1,000 AD. Nairobi: East African Literature Bureau. 1679-1914." The cookie is used to calculate visitor, session, campaign data and keep track of site usage for the site's analytics report. More Orientation The Song of Lawino, one of the most successful African literary works, was written by Okot p'Bitek, published in 1966 in Acholi, and later translated to English. "Swazi" refers to the nation, tr, Fipa (February 23, 2023). After his own father, however, a man's strongest kinship ties are typically with his mother's brother. Customary leadership of the Acholi was severely affected by the long conflict in Northern Uganda, when many Acholi people lived in IDP camps for as long as 20 years. "Kony's Message: A New Koine?". This cookie is installed by Google Analytics. During Obote's first term as president, and especially during his During the colonial period, political leadership in Acholi was contested among those with traditional leadership qualifications and others who benefited from the new dispensation, including collaborators with the British and those who managed to obtain Western education. This cookies is set by Youtube and is used to track the views of embedded videos. Although polygyny has often been presented as an ideal, limited means have always made it rare in practice. The movement hopes to strengthen the political and economic power of women in society and so push back destruction of the natural environment. The cookies store information anonymously and assign a randomly generated number to identify unique visitors. p. 41). The Acholi live in small hamlets among patrilineal kin. Since the British had set up their administrational centre in the Starting in the late seventeenth century, a new sociopolitical order developed among the Luo of Northern Uganda, mainly characterized by the formation of chiefdoms headed by Rwodi (sg. Most Acholi also continue to live in thatched, round mud houses, although wealthier Acholi and those who live in town or near major roads have square houses of mud or block, with iron or tile roofs. Political Organization. 1544957. Their traditional communities were organised hamlets of circular huts with high peaked roofs, furnished with a mud sleeping-platform, jars of grain and a sunken fireplace. Apart from hundreds of thousands of deaths and tens of thousands being abducted, Acholi form organisation - New Vision Official Movement. Identification. At the height of the insurgency, some 1.8 million people were living in camps in the north, and due to a combination of LRA activities and the Ugandan armys counter-offensives virtually the entire population of Acholiland was displaced. Yet the northerners living in these squalid camps were prone to attack by the LRA and the national army alike, and unable to raise their own food. Situated 1,025 to 1,350 meters above sea level, the Acholi landscape is typical East African game countryrolling grasslands with scattered trees, streams, and rock outcrops. Political Organizations | Encyclopedia.com They keep sheep and cattle but are not as committed to pastoralism as some other Nilotic peoples are. Central to the new order were a set of notions about political leadership in which chiefs (rwodi; sing, rwot ) shared power and decision making with the heads of chiefdoms' constituent lineages; a system of redistributive tribute within each polity, with the chief at the center; and royal, often rainmaking, drums as symbols of sovereignty and authority. 2 I Abstract The aim of this thesis will be to decipher why Acholi ethnic identity remained such a critical political tool in late and post-colonial Uganda, from 1950-1985, just b census of 2014, those seven districts were combined inhabited by just under 1.4 million people [11], After defeating Okello and his Acholi-dominated Uganda National Liberation Army, now-President Yoweri Museveni and his National Resistance Army conducted revenge killings in the north. The essential lawlessness of the Idi Amin and second Milton Obote regimes, however, as well as of the various rebel groups, the Ugandan army, and Karamojong raiders (who have been active in Acholi since the mid-1980s) have led to a breakdown of any meaningful social control in the area. "The Ancestral Shrine of the Acholi." The Acholi region and language 51 - The history and politics of Uma, F. K. (1971). rule and since independence, have often reflected preexisting [19], The religious leaders have tried to help end the conflict in the country of the last two decades and to reconcile the parties. It was not until 1995 that a constitutional reform recognized such cultural leaders, but they have not been fully restored to previous powers, as so much of society has changed. Pottery and basket making were widespread and relatively nonspecialized arts, carried out by both men and women. The Population Geography of Acholi District. NRA in 1986. in the form of the Acholi district (Vincent, 2012). In such a context, the land rights of those with the least power widows, the disabled, the elderly were very insecure. The essential lawlessness of the Idi Amin and ETHNONYMS: Balumbila, Batoka, Batonga, Bawe, Toka Localized lineages have been the fundamental social units in Acholi,

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