With excessive alcohol use, a person might experience a complete loss of consciousness and/or difficulty remembering events that occurred during a period of intoxication (McKim & Hancock, 2013). Codeineis an opioid with relatively low potency. Historically, somnambulism has been treated with a variety of pharmacotherapies ranging from benzodiazepines to antidepressants. . Indeed, we know sleep deprivation results in disruptions in cognition and memory deficits (Brown, 2012), leading to impairments in our abilities to maintain attention, make decisions, and recall long-term memories. Sore throat. This chapter will discuss states of consciousness with a particular emphasis on sleep. Vaping as a means to deliver nicotine is becoming increasingly popular, especially among teens and young adults. (a) A period of rapid eye movement is marked by the short red line segment. In fact, it has been suggested that there is no reason to think that energetic demands could not be addressed with periods of rest and inactivity (Frank, 2006; Rial et al., 2007), and some research has actually found a negative correlation between energetic demands and the amount of time spent sleeping (Capellini, Barton, McNamara, Preston, & Nunn, 2008). High doses can induce sleep, cause motor disturbance, memory loss, decreased respiratory function, and death. Sleep-wake cycles seem to be controlled by multiple brain areas acting in conjunction with one another. In recent years, methamphetamine (meth) use has become increasingly widespread. Wakefulnessis characterized by high levels of sensory awareness, thought, and behavior. While medical marijuana laws have been passed on a state-by-state basis, federal laws still classify this as an illicit substance, making conducting research on the potentially beneficial medicinal uses of marijuana problematic. For instance, the concentration of various ions in your blood must be kept steady, along with pH and the concentration of glucose. Brain waves during REM sleep appear very similar to brain waves during wakefulness. . Caffeine is an adenosine antagonist, so caffeine inhibits the adenosine receptors, thus decreasing sleepiness and promoting wakefulness. For example, she and her colleagues published a study in which women going through divorce were asked several times over a five-month period to report the degree to which their former spouses were on their minds. Consider a patient who believed that as a result of his sleep apnea he had three car accidents in six weeks. QUIZ 1 EXTRA STUDY .docx - QUIZ 1 STUDY GUIDE HELP PLUS This section will present information relating to the use of various psychoactive drugs and problems associated with such use. The term was first coined by a physiologist named Walter Cannon in 1926. Stage 1 sleepis a transitional phase that occurs between wakefulness and sleep, the period during which we drift off to sleep. Not surprisingly, insomnia treatment may take one of several different approaches. Primary signs and symptoms of Ebola often include some or several of the following: Fever. Other depressants include barbiturates and benzodiazepines. The following morning, he awoke to barking dogs and unfamiliar voices from downstairs. More specifically, homeostasis is the body's tendency to monitor and maintain internal states, such as temperature and blood sugar, at fairly constant and stable levels. (West et al., 2009, p. 114). Lucid dreamsare dreams in which certain aspects of wakefulness are maintained during a dream state. (credit sleeping: modification of work by Ryan Vaarsi). Some people might turn to over-the-counter (OTC) or prescribed sleep medications to help them sleep, but this should be done sparingly because many sleep medications result in dependence and alter the nature of the sleep cycle, and they can increase insomnia over time. The Safe to Sleep campaign educates the public about how to minimize risk factors associated with SIDS. However, for some, its not because of all-night partying or late-night study sessions. In addition to withdrawal, many individuals who are diagnosed with substance use disorders will also develop tolerance to these substances. This treatment option has proven to be effective for people suffering from mild to severe cases of sleep apnea (McDaid et al., 2009). While awake, we feel alert and aware of the many important things going on around us. Sleep can be divided into two different general phases: REM sleep and non-REM (NREM) sleep. Gastrointestinal symptoms including abdominal pain, diarrhea, and vomiting. Upset stomach and vomiting. Two theories attempt to answer this question: One theory views hypnosis as dissociation and the other theory views it as the performance of a social role. Understanding the impact of sleep on cognitive function should help you understand that cramming all night for a test may be not effective and can even prove counterproductive. As you will learn when you study social roles, peoples behavior can be shaped by their expectations of how they should act in a given situation. This shift in policy may be in response to the scientific communitys recommendations and/or reflect changing public opinion regarding marijuana. Rapid eye movement (REM)sleep is characterized by darting movements of the eyes under closed eyelids. We experience different states of consciousness and different levels of awareness on a regular basis. Test 3 (Chapter 8) Flashcards | Quizlet While we have discussed the negative outcomes associated with sleep deprivation, it should be pointed out that there are many benefits that are associated with adequate amounts of sleep. His children and his wifes parents all agreed that Falater had an excellent relationship with his wife and they couldnt think of a reason that would provide any sort of motive to murder her (Cartwright, 2004). However, the success rate of such treatments is questionable. The body maintains homeostasis for many factors in addition to temperature. Mindfulness meditation has recently become popular. Psychological dependence on these drugs is also possible. NCEH provides leadership to promote health and quality of life by preventing or controlling those diseases, birth defects, or disabilities resulting from interaction between people and the environment. Large-scale public health campaigns by the National Institutes of Health and the National Institute of Drug Abuse have led to recent declines in the opioid crisis. Amphetamines have a mechanism of action quite similar to cocaine in that they block the reuptake of dopamine in addition to stimulating its release (Figure 4.16). Still, people experiencing opioid withdrawal may be given methadone to make withdrawal from the drug less difficult. Ebola virus disease - World Health Organization For example, body temperature fluctuates cyclically over a 24-hour period (Figure 4.2). Marijuana may also have some promise in the treatment of a variety of medical conditions (Mather, Rauwendaal, Moxham-Hall, & Wodak, 2013; Robson, 2014; Schicho & Storr, 2014). Access for free athttps://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/1-introduction. For example, most people sleep during the night and are awake during the day. Following the initial rush, users experience 46 hours of going on the nod, alternating between conscious and semiconscious states. To prevent withdrawal, many people turned to cheaper heroin, which could be bought for $5 a dose or less. Although there are a number of different techniques in use, the central feature of all meditation is clearing the mind in order to achieve a state of relaxed awareness and focus (Chen et al., 2013; Lang et al., 2012). (a) Common paraphernalia for heroin preparation and use are shown here in a needle exchange kit. Given the average life expectancy for U.S. citizens falls between 73 and 79 years old (Singh & Siahpush, 2006), we can expect to spend approximately 25 years of our lives sleeping. Because the biological clock is driven by light, exposure to bright light during working shifts and dark exposure when not working can help combat insomnia and symptoms of anxiety and depression (Huang, Tsai, Chen, & Hsu, 2013). If we have biological rhythms, then is there some sort ofbiological clock? (credit: Laurie Avocado). It is much more difficult to awaken someone from sleep during stage 3 than during earlier stages. Pain relief, euphoria, sleepiness. While it is probably the most commonly used drug in the world, the potency of this particular drug pales in comparison to the other stimulant drugs described in this section. Stage 2 sleep is characterized by the appearance of both sleep spindles and K-complexes. Psychological dependence, or drug craving, is a recent addition to the diagnostic criteria for substance use disorder in DSM-5. While the possession and use of marijuana remain illegal in many states, it is now legal to possess limited quantities of marijuana for recreational use in eleven states: Alaska, California, Colorado, Illinois, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Nevada, Oregon, Vermont, and Washington. It is not uncommon for people suffering from insomnia to experience increased levels of anxiety about their inability to fall asleep. Our states of consciousness change as we move from wakefulness to sleep. In 2012, Kromann and Nielson reported on a case study of a 40-year-old woman who suffered significant ill effects from her use of caffeine. Opium, Heroin, Fentanyl, Morphine, Oxycodone, Vicoden, methadone, and other prescription pain relievers, Decreased pain, pupil dilation, decreased gut motility, decreased respiratory function. There are now several synthetic versions of opiate drugs (correctly called opioids) that have very potent painkilling effects, and they are often abused. The first stage of NREM sleep is known as stage 1 sleep. The crisis actually began in the 1990s, when pharmaceutical companies began mass-marketing pain-relieving opioid drugs like OxyContin with the promise (now known to be false) that they were non-addictive. You were capable of engaging in the all of the complex tasks involved with operating a motor vehicle even though you were not aware of doing so. Freud was not the only theorist to focus on the content of dreams. One complete menstrual cycle takes about 28 daysa lunar monthbut many biological cycles are much shorter. Recently, a new EPAP (expiratory positive air pressure) device has shown promise in double-blind trials as one such alternative (Berry, Kryger, & Massie, 2011). Module 4: Mood Disorders - Washington State University Sleep apneais defined by episodes during which a sleepers breathing stops. Surprisingly, narcoleptic episodes are often triggered by states of heightened arousal or stress. Early attempts to treat her condition with a stimulant drug alone were unsuccessful. The effects of all psychoactive drugs occur through their interactions with our endogenous neurotransmitter systems. Some animals never sleep (e.g., some fish and amphibian species); other animals sleep very little without apparent negative consequences (e.g., giraffes); yet some animals (e.g., rats) die after two weeks of sleep deprivation (Siegel, 2008). For example, Hobson (2009) suggests that dreaming may represent a state of protoconsciousness. Brainwave activity changes dramatically across the different stages of sleep. Popular portrayals of hypnosis have led to some widely-held misconceptions. Generally, and for most people, our circadian cycles are aligned with the outside world. Delusions. In the brain, the hypothalamus, which lies above the pituitary gland, is a main center of homeostasis. Meditationis the act of focusing on a single target (such as the breath or a repeated sound) to increase awareness of the moment. Research indicates that meditation may help reduce blood pressure, and the American Heart Association suggests that meditation might be used in conjunction with more traditional treatments as a way to manage hypertension, although there is not sufficient data for a recommendation to be made (Brook et al., 2013). 2. Sleep apnea is defined as a reduction or cessation of breathing during sleep. One or two nights of sleep difficulty is not unusual, but if you experience anything more than that, you should seek a doctors advice. In such instances, the individuals schedule changes so frequently that it becomes difficult for a normal circadian rhythm to be maintained. Like many other stimulants, cocaine agonizes the dopamine neurotransmitter system by blocking the reuptake of dopamine in the neuronal synapse. Night terrorsresult in a sense of panic in the sufferer and are often accompanied by screams and attempts to escape from the immediate environment (Mahowald & Schenck, 2000). Freud made distinctions between the manifest content and the latent content of dreams. There are individual differences in regard to our sleep-wake cycle. This is an important factor because we can develop tolerance and experience withdrawal from any number of drugs that we do not abuse. Melatonin release is stimulated by darkness and inhibited by light. If people are deprived of REM sleep and then allowed to sleep without disturbance, they will spend more time in REM sleep in what would appear to be an effort to recoup the lost time in REM. week 3 midterm 1.docx - Question 1 1 / 1 pts John has been In the variation of mindful meditation, the meditators attention is focused on some internal process or an external object (Zeidan, Grant, Brown, McHaffie, & Coghill, 2012). The lifespan perspective in health psychology reveals that adolescents One of the shortcomings with the health belief model is Risk factors for a health problem People whose personalities include high levels of _____ seem to be "disease" Cognitive-behavioral therapyis a type of psychotherapy that focuses on cognitive processes and problem behaviors. As a result, many of us sleep less than 78 hours a night and accrue a sleep debt. This pattern of brain wave activity resembles that of someone who is very relaxed, yet awake. Some of these approaches, such as using a bright light as shown inFigure 4.4, have been shown to alleviate some of the problems experienced by individuals suffering from jet lag or from the consequences of rotating shift work. Moreover, these impairments become more severe as the amount of sleep deprivation increases (Alhola & Polo-Kantola, 2007). Drugwithdrawalincludes a variety of negative symptoms experienced when drug use is discontinued. These behaviors vary widely, but they can include kicking, punching, scratching, yelling, and behaving like an animal that has been frightened or attacked. c. deaths due to accidents have increased. This pattern of temperature fluctuation, which repeats every day, is one example of a circadian rhythm. He suffered from no apparent anatomical brain anomalies or psychological disorders. Avoid alcohol, cigarettes, caffeine, and heavy meals before bed. Many people experience disturbances in their sleep at some point in their lives. Inflammation has many causes, including infections, injuries, and diseases. Sleep regulationrefers to the brains control of switching between sleep and wakefulness as well as coordinating this cycle with the outside world. Whilecaffeineis generally considered a relatively safe drug, high blood levels of caffeine can result in insomnia, agitation, muscle twitching, nausea, irregular heartbeat, and even death (Reissig, Strain, & Griffiths, 2009; Wolt, Ganetsky, & Babu, 2012). EVERYDAY CONNECTION: Solutions to Support Healthy Sleep, continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). For example, the National Institutes of Drug Abuse has sponsored research that suggests the misuse and abuse of the prescription pain killers hydrocodone and oxycodone are significant public health concerns (Maxwell, 2006). Variations and adaptations in cognition and behavior make individuals more or less successful in reproducing and passing their genes to their offspring. If you lie down to take a nap and fall asleep very easily, chances are you may have sleep debt. Psychometric analysis indicates that the ISS is composed of four principle components, producing four subscales. Alan Hobson, a neuroscientist, is credited for developing activation-synthesis theory of dreaming. When we do this, we often experience jet lag. Beyond being awake or asleep, there are many other states of consciousness people experience. describes our awareness of internal and external stimuli. When people have difficulty getting sleep due to their work or the demands of day-to-day life, they accumulate a sleep debt. As mentioned earlier, REM sleep is marked by rapid movements of the eyes. If you get peritoneal dialysis, peritonitis symptoms also may include: Cloudy dialysis fluid. Some view a hypnotized persons behavior not as an altered or dissociated state of consciousness, but as their fulfillment of the social expectations for that role (Coe, 2009; Coe & Sarbin, 1966). For example, around one third of individuals diagnosed with narcolepsy experience vivid, dream-like hallucinations during narcoleptic attacks (Chokroverty, 2010). Individuals who suffer from RBD have high levels of physical activity during REM sleep, especially during disturbing dreams. Some newer CPAP masks are smaller and cover only the nose. People who suffer from insomnia might limit their use of stimulant drugs (such as caffeine) or increase their amount of physical exercise during the day. The pons is important for regulating rapid eye movement (REM) sleep (National Institutes of Health, n.d.). As mentioned earlier, lack of sleep can result in decreased mental alertness and cognitive function. Ebola virus disease (EVD), formerly known as Ebola haemorrhagic fever, is a rare but severe, often fatal illness in humans. These drugs promote increased levels of neural activity. All of the following are true statements concerning the health of Americans EXCEPT: a. mortality rates from smoking have declined. Comparative research indicates, however, that the relationship that exists between predatory risk and sleep is very complex and equivocal. The decade from 20102019 brought many changes in laws regarding marijuana. These symptoms usually are opposite of the effects of the drug. This final section will consider hypnotic and meditative states as additional examples of altered states of consciousness experienced by some individuals. These changes in brain wave activity can be visualized using EEG and are distinguished from one another by both the frequency and amplitude of brain waves (Figure 4.7). There are two types of sleep apnea: obstructive sleep apnea and central sleep apnea. Physiologically, the body can become addicted to opiate drugs in less than a week, including when taken as prescribed. Causes. A number of risk factors have been associated with SIDS including premature birth, smoking within the home, and hyperthermia. These individual differences in circadian patterns of activity are known as a persons chronotype, and research demonstrates that morning larks and night owls differ with regard to sleep regulation (Taillard, Philip, Coste, Sagaspe, & Bioulac, 2003). Just as bears hibernate in the winter when resources are scarce, perhaps people sleep at night to reduce their energy expenditures. In individuals diagnosed with a substance use disorder, there is a compulsive pattern of drug use that is often associated with both physical and psychological dependence. Sleepis a state marked by relatively low levels of physical activity and reduced sensory awareness that is distinct from periods of rest that occur during wakefulness. This created a black market for the drug, where prices soared to $80 or more for a single pill. A person withrestless leg syndromehas uncomfortable sensations in the legs during periods of inactivity or when trying to fall asleep. (credit: modification of work by new 1lluminati/Flickr), Medical marijuana shops are becoming more and more common in the United States. In general, smoking cessation programs may be effective in the short term, but it is unclear whether these effects persist (Cropley, Theadom, Pravettoni, & Webb, 2008; Levitt, Shaw, Wong, & Kaczorowski, 2007; Smedslund, Fisher, Boles, & Lichtenstein, 2004). These initiatives include increasing access to treatment and recovery services, increasing access to overdose-reversal drugs like Naloxone, and implementing better public health monitoring systems (NIDA, 2019). Weakness and fatigue. Nicotine is most commonly used in the form of tobacco products like cigarettes or chewing tobacco; therefore, there is a tremendous interest in developing effective smoking cessation techniques. The tendency to maintain a stable, relatively constant internal environment is called homeostasis. Some can cause heightened sensitivity to physical stimuli. One hypothesis from this perspective might argue that sleep is essential to restore resources that are expended during the day. Generally, people use caffeine to maintain increased levels of alertness and arousal. This figure illustrates some of the negative consequences of sleep deprivation. a. will be healthier than children because they are exposed to fewer infectious diseases.b. Drugs in this category include cocaine, amphetamines (including methamphetamine), cathinones (i.e., bath salts), MDMA (ecstasy), nicotine, and caffeine. Furthermore, these types of behaviors ultimately disrupt sleep, although affected individuals have no memories that these behaviors have occurred (Arnulf, 2012). Our lives involve regular, dramatic changes in the degree to which we are aware of our surroundings and our internal states. In fact, abuse of prescription opioid medications is becoming a major concern worldwide (Aquina, Marques-Baptista, Bridgeman, & Merlin, 2009; Casati, Sedefov, & Pfeiffer-Gerschel, 2012). Theta waves still dominate the activity of the brain, but they are interrupted by brief bursts of activity known as sleep spindles (Figure 4.9). In this section, we will discuss each of these stages of sleep and their associated patterns of brain wave activity. Site has information/education resources on a broad range of topics, including asthma, birth defects, radiation, sanitation, lead in blood, and more. The typical positive symptoms of schizophrenia , such as hallucinatory experiences or fixed delusional beliefs, tend to be very upsetting and disruptivenot a positive experience at all for you or someone you care about who is experiencing them. While this is an intuitive explanation of sleep, there is little research that supports this explanation. Some people who have injected many times into their arms will show track marks, while other users will inject into areas between their fingers or between their toes, so as not to show obvious track marks and, like all abusers of intravenous drugs, have an increased risk for contraction of both tuberculosis and HIV. There are a variety of drugs that treat restless leg syndrome: benzodiazepines, opiates, and anticonvulsants (Restless Legs Syndrome Foundation, n.d.). c. The low cost coupled with lower risk of overdose than with opiate drugs is making crystal meth a popular choice among drug users today (NIDA, 2019). This is known as the REM rebound, and it suggests that REM sleep is also homeostatically regulated. This feeling of a depressed mood is also accompanied by two or more additional symptoms, to include changes in appetite, insomnia or hypersomnia, low energy or fatigue, low self-esteem, feelings of hopelessness, and poor concentration or difficulty with decision making.
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