. This fundamental experience of how things are comes to determine for us the manner in which we look at and experience the things we encounter here in the modern age. How is current knowledge shaped by its historical development? Does our knowledge depend on our interactions with other knowers? Is there such a thing or mode of being as objectivity? What is the relationship between personal experience and knowledge? After the mind has done so, the rendering of sufficient reasons is what counts as good evidence and a good explanation, and provides the justification for the knowledge claim made about the thing. We can think of experience as an isolated, temporary experience or an inner, psychical event, intrinsically detached both from the body and from the external world. However, such knowledge has also brought about many ills and challenges that we are now trying to overcome and must overcome if we are to sustain life on this planet. https://wordpress.com/block-editor/post/mytok.blog/3676, https://mytok.blog/2019/11/30/ct-1-perspectives-woks/. We find such certainty and surety in the knowledge that results from mathematical calculation; that is, mathematical calculation is a predication of the subject knowledge i.e. Your email address will not be published. A central feature of tragic literature in the West is that it gives us a view of the implications of what results when knowledge is lacking, particularly self-knowledge. Since discussions about art begin with questions of what the works are as objects, they are interpretations of the what, the how and why of the work that is present before us. The emergence of the world-picture and the knowledge and culture derived from it involves an essential decision about beings as a whole. veers round into a quality of its own and then it becomes incalculable (Heidegger). The Natural Sciences: Historical Background. did not belong to Mr. Gates but came from outside of him. To count on means that the knowledge produced can be relied upon with certainty to be that which is said about it. This research has different methodologies in the different areas of knowledge, and these methods of disinterring the truth are all pre-determined by the view of the past as an object of study. Such a lack of knowledge is not crucial to our well-being or survival. We view material tools as technology, but as our writing on technology demonstrates, while this is a correct understanding of what technology is, it does not get us to the essence of technology: the tools are the outcome of what the essence of technology is and they are brought into being because technology provides the open space for their ability to be. Experiment in this sense is quite different from experience: science becomes rational-mathematical, i.e. This will be discussed in relation to calculation and calculus a little later. Ratio and reor can mean to take something as something, such as the leafiness of the plant, the stone as stone, etc. Why, for example, are we obliged to preserve panda bears in conditions that are far better than most human beings in the world? In short, your TOK exhibition is a holding forth by you demonstrating how you understand some of the key TOK terms and how you are able to apply them to the real world. What is this? You may also wish to discuss owe and its distinctions from own and the possible implications of these in any discussion of this prompt. This leads to the great temptation of solipsism, particularly among the young. Current research into AI, artificial intelligence, is being questioned because so much of it is occurring beyond good and evil or beyond ethical considerations. Obviously, the societies of which we are members determine what knowledge is and what types of knowledge will be considered valuable. On most occasions we do not and this is due to our relation to the objects of the world that we have brought before us. Adherents of the same world-picture may hold different world-views and enter into conflict employing the weapons supplied by their common world-picture. If a thing cannot be named, it cannot be given over to others. It is concerned with the propernaming of the things. Whether they are the ulemasof Muslim societies or the talking heads of the think-tanks of technological societies, it is the experts who determine how truth has been interpreted and how it should be applied to human actions within communities. Darwin and Nietzsche: Part 3: Truth as Correctness: Its Relation to Values. It is an important element in the seeing place implied in the word theory and is that which one must rise above (according to Plato in the allegory of the Cave and Simone Weil in her writings) and yet remain, at the same time, rooted to (the return of the released prisoner in the allegory of the Cave). isabellas brunch menu . Plato sees the illness and ugliness of the soul as requiring a catharsis or purification. values or beliefs? Correctness as consistency means that a statement is deduced from another statement in accordance with the rules of reasoning. Anyone who has been ill or has had loved ones who have been ill could not but be grateful for the improvements that have occurred in the medical sciences such as the discovery of penicillin. A reason is this sort of reason only if it is aratio,that is an account given about something that is in front of the person as a judging I and is given to this I. What is a sufficient reason? The prompt indicates that human beings live within grounds or reasons and we view the objects of our world in terms of possibilities and potentialities. 12. 34. Our modern scientific knowledge in the form of quantum physics demonstrates that what has been traditionally understood as certainty regarding knowledge of nature and inquiries into nature is not possible. This know how, presumably, comes from a long, broad engagement with the field which is under discussion. We skip over knowing the reasons for the things being as they are because we, in fact, alreadyknowthem for being what they are and as they are.The Greeks began their journey to thought by first trusting in that which they were seeking, but they also doubted. Prompt: Can new knowledge change established values or beliefs? Some discussion of the certainty and reliability of mathematical knowledge will be required. This prompt is very similar in nature to prompt #19 i.e. Technology is our understanding of what it means to be, the way we understand what it takes for something, anything, to be. The axioms, principles, rules, laws, etc. This is what Kant called his transcendental method. The soul, when properly ordered, is given to us by Socrates in his prayer to Pan at the end of the dialogue Phaedrus: O dear Pan and all you gods here, grant it to me to become beautiful, to come into the correct condition in relation to what is in myself, what comes from inside, and grant that whatever I possess on the outside may be a friend to what is inner, and grant that I repute as rich the one who is wise, and grant that to me the amount of gold I possess in this world will have as much value for me and that I will claim for it only as much value as a man of understanding should claim.Socrates prayer is that his soul will become beautiful, and this means having its proper relation to the things themselves and for their correct limits; nothing in excess. Since we are beings in bodies and we are in being-in-the-world, when we act, our actions are thoroughly situated in a context that includes the sort of person that we are (our constitution), the circumstances in which we find ourselves, the events that led up to our actions, and the events that will follow from whatever we do. It'll help reduce work load for both students and teachers, while ensuring students get a deeper understanding and focus on the HL subjects. When we consider our world and the beings in it as objects we, too, experience the disappearance of otherness for it is our cognition which makes or creates those things that we consider beings in our world and the things themselves lack any kind of independent status. New knowledge can change established values and beliefs in many different ways. Plato examines the relation of the body to the soul under the themes of illness and deformity in his dialogue Sophist. Your Exhibition is a rendering that is handed over to others i.e. People were willing, and still are willing, to pay outrageous prices for a product with Donald Trumps name on it even though the products themselves have been shown to be of an inferior quality. I dont understand the link. It may be useful to you to determine which prompts belong to the same sub-group in terms of their main theme. You will then find three objects or images of objects that relate to this prompt and develop your interpretation accordingly. It is assessed internally, that is by your own teachers, but moderated externally by IB examiners. v) Shakespeares Macbeth is not a play about ambition: Shakespeare is not against ambition; it is a play that concerns the outcomes of the illness that at times accompanies ambition and the ambitious. This is the contradiction we live within. The what and the how of the object is already pre-determined and the inquiry is to find an understanding of the why. This is just an example of the extraordinary changes in meaning that words have through the centuries and should serve as a warning. The features or characteristics of that knowledge which can be relied upon are those that provide surety and certainty. What we have called objectivity in this writing is a legacy from the German philosopher Kant and his transcendental method and how this thinking was interpreted by the English-speaking empiricists. What the light of a project reveals are possibilities captured in the interpretation. These cabals of knowers have power within their respective communities, so much so that some proponents of these world-pictures have become placed as the new priesthood in the communities where these world pictures thrive. 'Can new knowledge change established values or beliefs | Clastify Theory of Knowledge : TOK Exhibition Written Commentary. These second-order claims are justified using the principle of sufficient reason which usually involves an examination of the nature of the knowledge that you are investigating and the nature of the tools that are used to produce or acquire such knowledge. are also objects that could come under consideration with this prompt. The reasons provide both the evidence and the explanation. It is an infatuation with immediately given appearances on the basis of which all further experiences of the world are investigated, inquired about, and explained. This evidence or explanation will find its grounds in the principle of sufficient reason. What some thing is determined to be in its representation is determined as what it is. I know this will likely bother anyone who is interested in order and logic, but I've decided to break the order of prompts so I can publish them as I record them. The truth of a principle can never be proved from its result. 11. The choices made by parents and students indicate what we consider to be knowledge of value. We doubt a claim when we are lacking certainty and reliability regarding those who are making the claim, the sources of the claim, or when the things about which the claim is being made are not sufficiently justified, that is sufficient reasons have not been supplied for the claim. The Theory of Knowledge Exhibition Prompts The TOK Exhibition (also sometimes called the TOK IA) counts for one-third of your marks in the course. OT 3: Knowledge and Politics Part 1. image/object #1 is like or as image/object #2, and so on. The most common evidence is given through mathematical calculation i.e.. the thing is measured against something that is already known or something that is already taken for granted as known. 27. The second example is a result of the system that is in place that allows beings to seen as how we wish to view them. Also, the concept of added value in economics etc. In logic, the word correctnessis lack of contradiction, consistency. CT 1 Knowledge and the Knower: Empowerment. In what ways do our values affect our acquisition of knowledge? Human beings becoming a subjectum is to be found in the thinking of Descartes. This calculus or reckoning is not only present in mathematics; it is the foundation or ground of the utilitarian principles of ethics. This understanding is grounded in the principle of sufficient reason. How can we know that current knowledge is an improvement upon past knowledge?When we speak of the improvement in something, we are implying that the thing spoken about is better or is in a better condition than it was previously. The abstractions that are the second order questions will be arrived at from elsewhere, thus your discussion of owning can be on the practical application side of the products of knowledge such as patents and the like, or it can deal with a theoretical discussion of what the possible meanings of owning can be. In what and from where does our word values have its origins? what counts as good evidence. How might the context in which knowledge is presented influence whether it is accepted or rejected? This system is called the technological in other areas of this writing. OT 2: Language and Knowledge. If it is not, it is subjective. His original term was areteor what we have translated as virtue, and knowing oneself was to have knowledge of ones possibilities and potentialities. This assertion is apparently paradoxical or contradictory since the concept of historicism itself must be historical and will be replaced by some other concept at some point in the future. Only the completeness of the account, perfection, provides the evidence for the fact that every cognition everywhere and at all times can include and count on the objects and reckon with them. They are the predications of the subject that we call knowledge. What do your choices of objects or images for this prompt indicate about you and the society of which you are a member? The acronyms and the specialized language in use in those communities are not things that those outside of the community are familiar with. It is not a truth relativism; it may reveal or it may not. 3. 128 7 Is bias inevitable in the production of knowledge? The first belief is also a case of knowledge in the sense of a belief in its first principles; the second is probably knowledge within the context of our conception of time; but the third is (at present) merely belief. New knowledge then . We believe that a truth is only a truth if a reason can be rendered for it. A total world-view cannot understand itself, for from this understanding would come a questioning that would put the total world-view in question. Theory of Knowledge: An Alternative Approach. They should also be applicable for other dealings with things, the things understood and delimited and defined by the project: from your three images or objects, it should be possible to expand the application of your interpretation to many other images or objects not included in the Exhibition. See the link: What is a work of Art? Technology is the beholding of the essence of all things in advance (a priori) in the light of which human beings make and produce things and allows human beings to take a stand towards the things that are in the first place. While language first has to do with hearing, its purpose is to make us see the thing that is named. The German poet and mystic Angelus Silesius once wrote: The rose is without why; it blooms because it blooms, / It pays no attention to itself, asks not whether it is seen. What is it that distinguishes human beings from a rose? 32. r/IBO. World-view comes from the German Weltanschauung which is formed from Welt, world, and Anschauung, view, etc., and means view of, outlook on, the world. The a priori and its priority will be interpreted by you in accordance with your conception of the thinghood of the things or images you have chosen and your understanding of the being of beings or things in general. AnywayToday Im joined by Theatre Teacher, Bob Scheer. It is no surprise that the great discoveries of modern physics were primarily initiated by Germans, Einstein and Heisenberg for instance, just as it is not an accident that the great discoveries of Newton and Darwin belong to the English-speaking world. ), while a world-view can be either pre-scientific or scientific. Turns out the most interesting topics to those around me are not necessarily in the order the IB has given them. your cognition of the things, should come to a greater light or understanding through this exercise. Human being does not have a constant, project-independent understanding of itself: it first understands itself, or understands itself anew, after the projection. It is the authority of the principle of reason which characterizes the modern age as technological or as the Information Age. While this prompt seems to suggest that the application of the knowledge brought forth from the technological world-view, which is the enjoining of the arts and the sciences, is somehow an individual event, there is an implication in the prompt that imagination does not, of itself, bring forth or produce knowledge about our being-in-the-world but plays a role along with other actors in bringing forth that knowledge. Such possession implies having a power over, a control over, a relation to some thing or some one, and therefore a responsibility for the knowledge, the thing, the person that one is related to that one has some kind of possession of. How important are material tools in the production or acquisition of knowledge? Beings as a whole are now taken in such a way that they are in being first and only insofar as they are presented by the human being as the representer and producer, that is, as objects. We can look at our recovery from various illnesses to see improvements in health care and in the treatment of various diseases. 5. to determine what our tastes should be in our various forms of entertainment. Your rationale for establishing the relations between the objects/images will be based on the principle of sufficient reason and will demonstrate and answer the questions what, why, and how. In the most general terms (and as a second order inquiry) the production of knowledge that results from such viewing is the determination of the being of things as objects. CT 1: Knowledge and Reason as Empowering and Empowerment. 13. That we have areas of knowledge is a recognition of the need for specialization in our studies since so much information and knowledge has been amassed in these areas through our pursuit of knowledge. 6. All translation is an interpretation. With regard to the production of knowledge, Shakespeares The art is nature perhaps captures it best; it is what we as human beings are. It lacks evident correctness, evidence. Doubt was a requisite for thought for it inspired wonder. Aleksandra Sachajko Confederate battle flag Since 1861 the Confederate flag has been a symbol of the American white supremacy, which is a belief that the white race is pure and superior to other races. The greatest constraint placed upon the pursuit of knowledge is that which is imposed by the principle of reason: nihil est sine ratione: nothing is without (a) reason. In the examples that I frequently use from the Greeks, all of them are translations of that language. They are what can be learned and what can be taught i.e. why these three objects or images from an almost infinite possibility?). The connection with life and the human sciences is explicit: Starting from life itself as a whole, human scientists try to understand its lived experiences in their structural and developmental inter-connections.We must be careful and wary of the notion of experiencing. Just as the essence of technology is not itself technological, so the essence of calculation and the calculable is not accessible to calculation. That we do not know in the traditional sense does not matter: what matters is the reliability of the results. You are required to choose one prompt from the list below, and it must be exactly from this list and you cannot change the wording. It is your job to examine the basis for these first-order claims. Our two latest AOKs were called Religious Knowledge Systems and Indigenous Knowledge Systems. It is the final statement, nothing is without reason, that must be understood here. Seeking truth for these communities of knowers is much like swimming inside the local lagoon here in Bali where the contours and shapes and the security of ones activities can be carried out without the need to go beyond the safety and security of the surrounding reef to the area where the dangers of the big surf lie and where the sharks await. 33. A world-picture is usually associated with science or a science (the mechanistic world-picture, the physicists world-picture, the chemists world-picture, etc.
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